Heterocycles: Types and Biosynthesis

Heterocycles: Types and Biosynthesis Heterocycles1 are one of the major classes of organic compounds. They are cyclic compounds containing one or more heteroatom (oxygen, nitrogen, sulphur etc.). These compounds are of biological and industrial importance. Many materials that are essential to life include a heterocyclic moiety; examples of these are: amino acids, nucleic acids, pigments, vitamins, antibiotics and many more. Heterocycles are part of our everyday life and are present in: drugs, dyes, pesticides and plastics.2, 3 Most common heterocycles are five or six membered ring; examples of these are pyridine, pyrrole, furan and thiophene (Figure 1). It is also possible to find two or more of them fused together to give even more complex structures.4 Figure 1: Common heterocyclic structures Many heterocyclic compounds are biosynthesised by plants and animals and hence have biological activity. These include as the haem group in the blood, and the chlorophylls ,essential for photosynthesis, both of these are essential to life.5 Examples of heterocycles used in the pharmaceutical industry include the pyridine based anti-AIDS-virus drug Nevirapine6, or the vasodilator Nicorandil for the treatment of angina (Figure 2).7 Figure 2: Example of heterocyclic drugs Pyrimidines are an important class of heterocycles that are essential to life and biologically and pharmacologically active. Cytosine, thiamine, uracil, adenine, guanine are the nitrogen bases that are present in both DNA and RNA (Figure 3); derivatives of these have been used to form the core of drug molecules, due to their ability to selectively interact with the human body.3, 7 Figure 3: Pyrimidines 2. Synthesis of heterocycles There are various traditional pathways leading to high yielding heterocyclic synthesis. Two of the most common are: Fischer-indole1, 8 synthesis and a Hantzsch synthesis to obtain the pyridines. Fisher-indole synthesis (Scheme 1) has been the most important method for the preparation of substituted indoles. It involves the formation of an imine 1.3 from a hydrazine 1.1 and a ketone 1.2. This will then tautomerise to give a enamine 1.4 that will subsequently undergo a [3,3] Cope rearrangement and form a di-imine 1.5, that will then aromatise. The aromatised amine 1.6 will undergo further intramolecular cyclisation to give the indoline 1.7 which will also aromatise to give the second ring system of the indole 1.8.4, 7 Scheme 1: Fischer-indole synthesis of indoles The Hantzsch1, 8 synthesis (Scheme 2), is a three component reaction, which firstly involves an aldol condensation of a diketone 2.1 with acetone 2.2. This is then followed by a conjugate addition of another equivalent of a diketone 2.1 to give a tetraketone 2.4. By adding ammonia it will lead to the formation of an imine and enamine component 2.5, which will subsequently react with sodium nitrate and acetic acid to aromatise to give pyridine 2.6.9 Scheme 2: Hantzsch synthesis of pyridines These two synthetical techniques have been greatly utilised however they have their downsides; which range from the need for high temperatures, large amounts of stoichiometric reagents, as well as the poor accessibility of the starting materials. This has therefore driven research for the discovery of new methodologies for an efficient route for the synthesis of heterocycles and their derivatives. A wide range of new heterocyclic synthetic routes using metal cross coupling reactions have arisen in particular utilising palladium as catalyst10, examples which are considered in the section below. 2.1. Synthesis of indole heterocycles using catalysis A palladium catalysed Fisher indole synthesis has been discovered by Wagaw et. al.. It involves the cross coupling of an aryl bromide and a hydrazone. This palladium catalysed reaction has proven to be very versatile in respect to the functionality of both the reagents used. The addition of the p-toluenesulfonic acid monohydrate hydrolyses imine 3.3 therefore liberating the hydrazine which will subsequently react with a ketone to give a hydrazone. This will then undergo standard Fischer-indole process to produce 3.4 (Scheme 3).11 Scheme 3: Palladium catalysed Fischer-indole synthesis 2.1.1. Palladium catalysed reactions Palladium catalysed reactions have been regularly used in both academic and industrial synthetic chemistry laboratories as an important method for the formation of carbon-carbon and carbon-heteroatom bonds. These have been heavily applied in the synthesis of pharmaceutically and biologically important molecules.1, 12 Many palladium catalysed reactions go through a similar catalytic cycle. The catalytic species can be formed in situ by using a palladium source such as Pd(PPh3)2Cl2 or Pd(OAc)2 with the addition of an appropriate ligand. By choosing the correct ligand this can improve two steps in the catalytic cycle; oxidative addition and reductive elimination.13 A common feature of these catalytic process (Scheme 4) is the formation of aryl/alkyl Pd(II) intermediates which will then be functionalised to form C-C or C-Heteroatom bonds that are cleaved off from the metal centre.14 Most of the Pd catalysed reactions undergo the same basic catalytic cycle involving; oxidative addition, transmetallation and reductive elimination. Scheme 4: Palladium catalytic cycle 2.1.2. Palladium catalysed cross coupling reactions Below in Table 1 are described some of the most common palladium catalysed reactions.15-18 Table 1: Palladium catalysed reactions Name of Reaction Suzuki Stille Negishi Hiyama Sonogashira Heck Buckwald-Hartwig Catalyst Pd(0) Pd(0) Pd(0) Pd(0) Pd(0), Cu(I) Pd(0) Pd(0) Base Yes No No Yes Yes Yes Yes Reagent 1 Reagent 2 R= EWG (eg. NO2, CN, COOR) Product 3. Recent examples of heterocyclic synthesis There are various recent examples of interesting heterocycles synthesis. Large amounts of research covering aspects of C-H activation, atom economy improvements and efficiency with the use of different solvents has been carried out to improve the conditions of the synthesis. An interesting class of heterocyclic moiety is pyrimidines due to their desirable biological activity. Over recent years the pyrimidine system (Figure 4) has been shown to be an important pharmacophore.19 Figure 4: Pyrimidine moiety Pyrimidines are very prevalent in nature; they are the precursors for the nucleoside bases of both DNA and RNA (Figure 3) and are also found in many more natural products such as vitamins and antibiotics. Examples, of this class of heterocycles, are shown below in Figure 5.19 Figure 5: Natural products containing pyrimidine moiety As a result of this long-lasting interest in the pyrimidine moiety as well as in its derivatives in the use as potential drug targets, the synthesis of this heterocyclic ring has been expansively researched.15 Good yielding strategies have been developed primarily on the basis of nitrogen-carbon-nitrogen condensation reactions. An example of this is the Pinner addition (Scheme 5) of guanidines 5.2 and amidine salts to 1,3-diketones 5.1 or their derivatives.20 Scheme 5: Pinner addition for the synthesis of pyrimidines 3.1. Synthesis of ÃŽ ²-Enaminones: an entry into pyrimidines Gayon et. al.21 have demonstrated highly stereoselective synthesis of ÃŽ ²-enaminones via based catalysed rearrangement of propargylic hydroxylamines. ÃŽ ²-Enaminones are versatile compounds that have been used for their pharmacological activity, as building blocks for natural product synthesis and heterocyclic synthesis. The initial discovery showed that propargylic hydroxylamine 6.1 underwent rearrangement to give the Cbz-protected enaminone 6.2 as a single (Z) diastereomer (Scheme 6) which could then be used for the synthesis of heterocyclic compounds such as pyrimidines. Scheme 6: Base catalysed rearrangement reaction to afford ÃŽ ²-enaminones The reaction mechanism (Scheme 7) starts from the deprotonated aminol 7.2 that is easily formed; this is due to the association of the hydroxyl anions present in solution with the propargylic hydroxylamine 7.1. With the deprotonation takes place at the propargylic position an imine 7.3 is formed this is also because of the elimination of hydroxyl anions which are triggered by the deprotonation itself. Hydroxyl anions add to the imine which will eventually for the allenol 7.4. This can then undergo keto-enol tautomerisation to produce the deprotonated enaminone 7.5. The last step involves proton exchange between another molecule of propargylic hydroxylamine 7.1 and the anionic deprotonated enaminone 7.5 to give the product and another molecule of aminol 7.6. Scheme 7: Mechanism for rearrangement These enaminones proved to be an interesting building block for the synthesis of heterocyclic compounds such as pyrimidines. The presence of a nucleophilic nitrogen atom, a double bond and an electrophilic carbonyl provided an different cyclocondensation process to simple Pinner addition on the basis of the addition of an electrophile/nucleophile partner; such as a carboxamide. Scheme 8: Propargylic hydroxylamine to pyrimidines The presence of the nitrogen atom on the enaminone 6.2 is advantageous for an alternative synthetic route for the synthesis of functionalised pyrimidines (Scheme 8) from readily commercially available and inexpensive carboxamides that can give easier access to pyrimidines. 3.2. Synthesis of Pyrazine Heterocycles and their Derivatives Pyridazines have been considered one of the ‘most drugable’ heteroaromatic rings for medicinal purposes.22 Its analogues have proved to be good starting points for developing drugs for various molecular targets and have demonstrated biological activity in many key areas such as obesity, neurodegenerative diseases, inflammatory pain and many more.22 Abed et al. have recently elaborated a synthesis of novel fused pyridazines by carrying out a diaza-Wittig reaction on 1,3-diketones (Scheme 9).20 Scheme 9: Synthesis of pyrazine heterocycles The work was divided in two parts; the first was the development of a convenient strategy to obtain versatile pyridazines containing an ester group at position 6 as a point of divergence. The latter steps involved the synthesis of pyridazines 9.4 with a ketone group at position 6. Towards this aim, different methods of cyclization techniques were applied which led to the formation of previously not known biheterocyclic compounds. This novel methodology provided an attractive synthesis for fused pyridazines derivatives (9.5, 9.6, 9.7, 9.8).20 The synthesis of functionalised pyridazines 10.4 (Scheme 10) proceeded via a diaza-Wittig reaction (10.3 to 10.4, step b.) affording a convenient and safer method for the synthesis of nitrogen heterocycles. Scheme 10: Synthesis of pyridazines 3.3. Direct imine acylation for heterocyclic synthesis Much attention has been focussed on the synthesis of diverse heterocyclic structure to advance the discovery of novel lead compounds for pharmaceutical discovery. A particularly useful approach is the formation of N-acyliminium ions from the acylation of imines with acid halides and anhydrides. This is a well-known reaction but very little work has previously been carried out to show the full potential of these ring closure reactions.23 Unsworth et. al. has provided a neat ring closing reaction (Scheme 11) by using propylphosphonic acid anhydride 11.3 (T3P) and NEt(iPr)2 for the coupling of aliphatic acids 11.2 (containing oxygen, nitrogen and sulphur nucleophiles) to imines 11.1. This will generate N-acyliminium ions 11.4 that can easily be trapped intramolecularly by the nucleophilic substituents that are present on the aliphatic acid fragment to form 11.5. Scheme 11: Ring closing reaction for heterocyclic synthesis This methodology has been used by Unsworth for the synthesis of the natural product evodiamine (Figure 6).24 Figure 6: Synthesis of evodiamine 4. Domino reactions A process that involves two or more bond-forming transformations that can take place under the same reaction conditions without additional reagents and/or catalysts, are considered to be domino/tandem reaction.25 In the past decades, synthesis of heterocyclic compounds through new domino reactions has attracted many researches and is still an expanding area.26 The idea of building simple and complex heterocycles starting from very easy and reasonable building blocks using a ‘single pot’ reaction with consecutive transformation taking place, is an attractive tool for synthetic chemists, especially if the synthesis can be used to create multiple stereogenic centres.26, 27 This ‘one pot’ strategy has many advantages; reduction of solvent, waste production, reaction time and atom economy28, all of which are important for developing a more sustainable chemistry. One single reaction can potentially convert an inexpensive material to a highly complex, biologically active heterocyclic molecule.26, 29 For many years the research groups of Valotti and Arcadi have focussed their interests in developing a new synthetic route for the construction of nitrogen-containing heterocycles starting from alkyne derivatives.30 They have focused most of their attention on the synthesis of nitrogen containing heterocycles by the condensation of ketoalkynes with ammonia.30 Examples of these are shown below in Scheme 12 and show the 5-exo-dig cyclisation reactions of 4-pentynones 12.1 to synthesise polysubstituted and joined pyrrole derivatives 12.2, Ketoalkyne moiety 12.5 in an aromatic framework would allow a 6-endo-dig cyclisation of 5-acetyl-4-alkynylthiazoles 12.6 and 2-acyl-3-alkynylindoles 12.7 to pyrido[3,4-c]thiazole and pyrido[3,4-b]indoles 12.8.31, 32 Scheme 12: Synthesis of pyrrole, pyridine and indole nitrogen containing heterocycles Another example of a tandem reaction for heterocyclic synthesis is the intermolecular 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition of nitrones for the formation of cyclic isooxazolidines ( Scheme 13). For example an interesting method has been developed for the generation of the cyclic isooxazolidines frameworks by using cheap and accessible starting material, such as Amaryllicaceae alkaloids, through a 1,2-prototropic shift of oximes. Scheme 13: Tandem reaction for cyclic isooxazolidines Wildman observed that the reaction of 6-hydroxybuphandidrine with hydroxylamine produced a cycloadduct; the reaction occurs by the formation of an intermediate oxime that then undergoes a subsequent 1,2-prototropic shift to give the nitrile oxide that then undergoes an intramolecular [1,3]-dipolar cycloaddition reaction. 5. Indoles In both nature and drug discovery, a common nitrogen containing heterocycle is indole and its derivatives. These naturally occurring molecules are present in a range of compounds (Figure 7) such as amino acids (tryptophan) and hormones (melatonin) and many others.33 Figure 7: Naturally occurring indoles As indoles are structural components of a large number of biologically active natural compounds, their synthesis and functionalization has been heavily researched, and is a crucial step in the preparation of many pharmaceutical compounds.33 Below, in Figure 8, are a couple of examples of indole containing pharmaceuticals and their applications; Sumatripan used for the treatment of migraine and Arbidol as an antiviral drug.34 Figure 8: Indole containing pharmaceutical compounds Another potential application for indoles is the possible use of indole derived nitrones as spin traps which can be employed as free radical probes for the identification of radicals in chemical and biological systems.35, 36 The pyrroline based 5,5-dimethyl-pyrroline N-oxide (DMPO) followed by the 5-carbamoyl-5-methyl-l-pyrroline N-oxide (AMPO) have often been used as nitrene spin traps in the past years (Figure 9).37 The use of spin trapping has gained attention in the recent years and it is currently being used in the investigation of reactive intermediates in the areas of fuel cell research, nanotechnology, catalysis, environmental remediation and photodynamic therapy using electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR).38 Figure 9: DMPO and AMPO spin traps The main disadvantages with many spin trap nitrones, for example DMPO, is the formation of secondary EPR signals; caused by the formation of other radical species caused by the instability by hydrolysis, decomposition and various other side reactions.37 Also, the slow reactivity of the superoxide radical anion to the nitrones and the short half-life of the spin adducts together, with slow rate of passive diffusion through the cell membran decreases their application in the human body as O2. – probes, unless further modifications can be carried out.38 Variants of the DMPO that contain indole moieties are 1,1,3-trimethyl-1H-isoindole-N-oxide (TMINO) and 1,1-dimethyl-3-(trifluoromethyl)-1H-isoindole-N-oxide(3-TF-TMINO) (Figure 10) which offer more stability to the oxygen radical adduct.37 Figure 10: Novel spin trap nitrones 6. Isoindolinone and Isoindoline Novel structures related to indoles such as isoindoline and isoindolinone compounds (Figure 11) are still relatively unexplored and have only begun to be explored over the past few years. Figure 11: Isoindoline and Isoindolinone Both of these structures have attracted a large amount of attention as pharmacophores due to their potential physiological and chemotherapeutic activity. These bicyclic models moieties have found a large importance as intermediates in the synthesis of various dugs and natural products.39 The more stable isoindolinones in particular demonstrate fascinting biological properties40, 41 as part of biologically active natural products such as magallanesine as well as drug candidates such as pagoclone shown in Figure 12.42 Figure 12: Isoindolinones as drug candidates The biological activity of isoindolinones has been utilised for the preparation of drugs for treatments in a wide range of diseases (Figure 13) such as: diabetes treatment, anti-inflammatory, anti-hypertensive, antipsychotic agents, for the modulation of dopamine D receptor, inhibitors of amyloid protein aggregation for the treatment of Alzheimer, selective antagonist of Essential Thromobocythemia (ET) diseases related to the heart and the lungs, melanocortin subtype-4-receptor in the targeting of weight disorder and sexual dysfunction43 and as antileukemic agents.42, 44-46 Figure 13: Isoindolines as drug candidates There have been several methods employed traditionally for the synthesis of these compounds based on use of a wide range of transformation, such as Diels-Alder, Grignard reagents, reductions, Wittig reactions and photochemical reactions. An example of one of them follows in Scheme 14. Scheme 14: One pot synthesis of isoindolinones The traditional routes are usually complex and have proved to be very unsatisfactory due to the low yields and the expensive starting material.39 Most approaches do not provide a large compatibility with many functional groups and suffer from a lack of generality.38, 42 New approaches have arisen in the past decades involving palladium chemistry and lithiation procedure for the synthesis of substituted isoindolinones that have proved to be easier to handle. An example of this is shown below (Scheme 15).47 Scheme 15: Lithiation and substitution

Summer Solstice

Summer Solstice Actually the Summer Solstice story of he famous Nick Joaquin and the Movie Tatarin was great. Great in the sense that it shows the true meaning of the story that men should sometimes be equal to women and women can also dominate men in all criteria of living. The following are some events that are not in the story itself and were added in the movie: ? The scene that Amada is dancing the ritual in the forest. ? All the sexy or bed scenes that are added for the spice of the movie to give some interest for some men ? The rituals they do in the Balete tree that there some kind of vegetables that symbolizes something ? Michaela and Maggie are not originally in the story and also the scene where Maggie is dancing with Guido and seducing him by letting him touch her breast. ? The flashback scene were Don Paeng is watching the Pareade of St John and Tatarin when he was young ? The scene at the Church were they have a listened the mass ? The women of Tatarin dancing with the men of St. John in the forest and I the part the sex scene of Guido and Donya Lupe ? When Donya Lupe put oil in his body and imagining that he is with someone ? The scene were Don Paeng invited Guido while dancing to have some drink There are nothing that has been removed them only added but there are some changes of setting Example are: ? the place they held the ritual it is said in the book that it is a chapel while in the movie it is in the forest ? originally in the story that Donya Lupe has three boys but in the movie she has two boys only ? he characteristic of Amada was change in the story she is fat but she was presented in the movie by Rica Peralejo who is a sexy woman ? I think one is the place were Do Paeng was beaten by the women of Tatarin In the Story some characters or things that symbolize something the following are some: ? The Age of Byron it symbolizes Guido as a conventional man ? The Age of Victoria which symbolizes Paeng as a traditional man ? The moon which means the domi nance of women The Crocodile it symbolizes the women of Tatarin being strong and wild ? Men kissing the feet of the women means that men adore the women and respect for them ? The sun in symbolizes the men ? Tatarin ritual symbolizes that women can also dominate men sometimes it shows supremacy with women ? St John symbolizes men in the sense that there is somekind of empower ment of men over women ? The saying pagpantay ng araw at buwan mean that it being showed that during these times men can be equal with women

Victorian Literature Essay Topics Ideas

Victorian Literature Essay Topics Ideas So How About Victorian Literature Essay Topics? Differences A considerable difference in literature for the 2 eras exists owing to a difference in living conditions. Any sort of literary analysis, for example, poetry analysis essay, should interest the logic with no emotions. The contemporary literature can offer several intriguing answers to that question. One of the absolute most important things that you'll need to see about Victorian literature is the simple fact it brings together a really good blend of internationally acceptable language expertise in an effort to appreciate the humble beginnings from which we currently have the popular English language. Victorian Literature Essay Topics - Is it a Scam? So remember to get a great look initially before selecting your dissertation title. In each part of writing, your ideas have to be understandable. As soon as you've chosen your topic, attempt to produce your title catchy and relevan t. Besides consistency, an expert website has to be aesthetically appealing and also functional. For many students, it's very complicated to begin the paper and it's, in fact, the toughest part. Now you know how to structure a research proposal, it's time to commence the job. Of all Of the sorts of article, composing a speedy composition might seem to be the easiest. Therefore, it's very important for every single student to receive abilities to compose English term papers. You've done much in your life that universities want to hear around. Students lead busy lives and frequently forget about a coming deadline. By writing essays, they will have to read closely and get beyond the surface of the text. Therefore, many students and employees decide to obtain low-cost essay rather than writing it themselves. What Needs to be Done About Victorian Literature Essay Topics Before It's Too Late Several quotations and citations are utilized within the body as a way to provide a better impression on the subject that you have selected. You will have the ability to control the purchase process from that point. A serious and expert site that delivers study materials will be designed dependent on elegance. Use textual proof to support your examples. The Importance of Victorian Literature Essay Topics The Victorian period has renowned poets like Rossetti and Tennyson in addition to famous novelists like George Elliot and Dickens. Discuss the way the important reception of a specific author has changed over time. It is quite different from modern poetry, which makes it a good add-on to any literature unit. The poetry of this period was an immediate reflection of the well-known attitudes of the moment. Thus English literature essay gets easy once you use these service providers and you may also realize the greatest scores due to this professional English literature essay. Shock Literature isn't really Literature in the genuine sense and ought not to be given serious consideration for a genre. Charles Dickens provides an excellent example. The Basics of Victorian Literature Essay Topics In some specific instances, particularly once you need writing assistance on a quick notice, there might not be sufficient time to go through portfolios of individual businesses and writers. You can have a look at the quality of literature examples for sat essay to observe the sort of expert services we're speaking about. Strong clients' support and high-level writers offer service that may help reach complex targets, and do it as quickly as possible. If you're going to want some custom writing help online on the topic of definition essay writing, you're welcome to go to our custom writing site . Another topic an individual can concentrate on is class distinctions. You should have your reasons, and our primary concern is that you find yourself getting a great grade. Generally, it's tough to pinpoint the specific start of an important literary movement. Explain the main problem you wish to explore and tell why it's vital. It is an impossible task to create a top-notch argumentative essay if one is not able to analyze information. When searching for American literature essay topics, it is crucial to remember that the originality and caliber of your paper will be contingent on the topic chosen. You are not going to find it difficult to pick a topic for British literature term paper. While writing your definition essay, you've got several choices to select from. Despite the fact that you pay for homework, we provide those options at no cost. It's always simpler to choose one in case you have a list of proposal topics to browse. There are several topics to select from that it's tricky to understand where to commence.

Personality Components and Assessments - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 4 Words: 1311 Downloads: 6 Date added: 2017/09/18 Category Analytics Essay Type Analytical essay Tags: Personality Essay Did you like this example? COMPONENTS AND ASPECTS OF OUR PERSONALITY The Three  Components  of Personality Sigmund Freud is known for his study on the three basic  components  that greatly affect our personality. He created the three levels of awareness that are congruent to the three different parts of the mind: conscious mind, preconscious mind, and subconscious mind. According to him, our conscious mind includes our current or present mental processes contributing a major part in our current awareness. The next level of mental awareness is our preconscious mind which, according to Freud, comprises those that we are aware of, but we do not really give focus or pay attention. We can either decide to take notice of these things and purposefully let our conscious mind be aware of them. The third part of the human mind is the subconscious where some of our thoughts surpass the conscious level. From these levels of awareness by Freud, he then developed the three  components  of our personal ity: the id, ego, and super ego. These are the  results  of our thinking, feeling, and behaviors. The id functions primarily based on pleasure principle wherein our mind seeks to achieve pleasure and avoid any form of pain. Freud mentioned that the id consists of two major instincts and these are eros and thanatos. The former is otherwise known as the life instinct that urges us to seek for pleasurable activities while the latter is our death instinct that stimulates us to cause to destroy. The ego is the next component of our personality which is the heart of our consciousness. It is characterized by either of the dominant functions which are introversion or extraversion along with the other functions. It is based on the reality principle which  states that  our mind acknowledges what is real and currently existing. It also understands that there are corresponding consequences to our behaviors. The super ego is the last component of our personality in which our values and morals are contained. Our super ego can also offset or compensate the id. The Big Five Factors Our various personality traits are generally categorized into what is referred to as the Big Five Factors: extraversion, agreeableness, conscientiousness, neuroticism, and openness to experience. Extraversion pertains to being outgoing, sociable, full of energy, enthusiasm, and action-oriented. Introversion, on the other hand, refers to lack of liveliness and energy. Agreeableness manifests our differences in terms of cooperation and social harmony. Agreeable people like getting along with each other well while disagreeable individuals are more concerned with self-interest and personal well-being. Conscientiousness focuses on how we manage and control our impulses and desires. Conscientious people are intelligent, organized, and persistent. Neuroticism is evident in individuals who are emotionally reactive and may have gone through or are going through a particular strong negati ve feeling. Openness to experience is a trait that characterizes people who are creative, imaginative, curious, and intellectuals. COMPONENTS OF PERSONALITY ACCDG TO SIGMUND FREUD Three components of personality Clinical psychologist Don Bannister has described Freuds position on the human personality as being: basically a battlefield. He is a dark-cellar in which a well-bred spinster lady (the superego) and a sex-crazed monkey (the id) are forever engaged in mortal combat, the struggle being refereed by a rather nervous bank clerk (the ego). Thus an individual’s feelings, thoughts, and behaviors are the result of the interaction of the id, the superego, and the ego. This creates conflict, which creates anxiety, which leads to Defense Mechanisms. Id The Id contains our primitive drives and operates largely according to the pleasure principle, whereby its two main goals are the seeking of pleasure and the avoidance of pain. It has no real perception of reality and seek s to satisfy its needs through what Freud called the primary processes that dominate the existence of infants, including hunger and self-protection. The energy for the Ids actions come from libido, which is the energy storehouse. The id has 2 major instincts: Eros: the life instinct that motivates people to focus on pleasure-seeking tendencies (e. . , sexual urges). Thanatos: the death instinct that motivates people to use aggressive urges to destroy. Ego Unlike the Id, the Ego is aware of reality and hence operates via the reality principle, whereby it recognizes what is real and understands that behaviors have consequences. This includes the effects of social rules that are necessary in order to live and socialize with other people. It uses secondary processes (perception, recognition, judgment and memory) that are developed during childhood. The dilemma of the Ego is that it has to somehow balance the demands of the Id and Super ego with the constraints of reality. The Ego con trols higher mental processes such as reasoning and problem-solving, which it uses to solve the Id-Super ego dilemma, creatively finding ways to safely satisfy the Ids basic urges within the constraints of the Super ego. Super ego The Super ego contains our values and social morals, which often come from the rules of right and wrong that we learned in childhood from our parents (this is Freud, remember) and are contained in the conscience. The Super ego has a model of an ego ideal and which it uses as a prototype against which to compare the ego (and towards which it encourages the ego to move). The Super ego is a counterbalance to the Id, and seeks to inhibit the Ids pleasure-seeking demands, particularly those for sex and aggression. ASSESSMENT/MEASUREMENT OF PERSONALITY Personality Assessments are Mainstream Personality assessments have been used by individuals and psychologists for years to help them understand how a person is likely to act, or react, and how that person can more effectively interact with others. The use of personality assessments in the workplace is on the rise. 1 Organizations’ use of personality assessments has increased from 34 percent in 2005 to 65 percent in 2006. These assessments can provide HR professionals with insight into an employee’s professional self. Based on our research, the most commonly used personality assessments (not in order of utilization) are: †¢ Myers-Briggs Type Indicator (MBTI) is based on Carl Jung’s typology of the functions of the human psyche. †¢ Insights Discovery System is a model based on the personality profiling work of Jung. Profiles XT Assessment is billed as a â€Å"total person assessment. † This assessment measures behavioral traits, occupational interests and thinking styles. †¢ The Hogan Personality Inventory (HPI) measures normal personality, predicts employee performance. It was developed specifically for the business community. †¢ The DiSC Assessment explores four domains: dominance, influence, steadiness and conscientiousness. †¢ 16PF (Pearson Assessments) have been commonly used for a variety of applications, including support for vocational guidance, hiring and promotion recommendations. The Birkman Method focuses on five domains: productive and stress behaviors, underlying needs, motivations and organizational orientation. Personality assessments are generally used to understand the connection between people’s personalities) and their performance. While personality assessments are intended to measure personality traits, personal styles and behavioral inclinations, not work performance, these assessments can be used to explore how a person may perform in the workplace in certain situations. The Birkman’s Five Perspectives Productive Behavior—an individual’s effective behavioral style of dealing with relationships and tasks †¢ Stress Behaviors—an individual’s inef fective style of dealing with relationships or tasks †¢ Underlying Needs—an individual’s expectations of how relationships and social situations should be governed in the context of the relationship or situation †¢ Motivations—an individual’s expressed preferences †¢ Organizational Orientation—a perspective in which an individual views problems and creates solutions relating to organizational goals. Despite best practices emerging in the use of personality assessments in the workplace, Birkman’s survey indicates that no standard assessment or manner of use has been established. Depending on which assessment is used, the most common functional applications of these assessments are: †¢ Team Building †¢ Career Guidance †¢ Conflict Resolution †¢ Executive Coaching †¢ Succession Planning †¢ Employee Retention †¢ Hiring and Selection †¢ Leadership Development †¢ Organizational Alignmen t †¢ Competency Development Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Personality: Components and Assessments" essay for you Create order