Heterocycles: Types and Biosynthesis

Heterocycles: Types and Biosynthesis Heterocycles1 are one of the major classes of organic compounds. They are cyclic compounds containing one or more heteroatom (oxygen, nitrogen, sulphur etc.). These compounds are of biological and industrial importance. Many materials that are essential to life include a heterocyclic moiety; examples of these are: amino acids, nucleic acids, pigments, vitamins, antibiotics and many more. Heterocycles are part of our everyday life and are present in: drugs, dyes, pesticides and plastics.2, 3 Most common heterocycles are five or six membered ring; examples of these are pyridine, pyrrole, furan and thiophene (Figure 1). It is also possible to find two or more of them fused together to give even more complex structures.4 Figure 1: Common heterocyclic structures Many heterocyclic compounds are biosynthesised by plants and animals and hence have biological activity. These include as the haem group in the blood, and the chlorophylls ,essential for photosynthesis, both of these are essential to life.5 Examples of heterocycles used in the pharmaceutical industry include the pyridine based anti-AIDS-virus drug Nevirapine6, or the vasodilator Nicorandil for the treatment of angina (Figure 2).7 Figure 2: Example of heterocyclic drugs Pyrimidines are an important class of heterocycles that are essential to life and biologically and pharmacologically active. Cytosine, thiamine, uracil, adenine, guanine are the nitrogen bases that are present in both DNA and RNA (Figure 3); derivatives of these have been used to form the core of drug molecules, due to their ability to selectively interact with the human body.3, 7 Figure 3: Pyrimidines 2. Synthesis of heterocycles There are various traditional pathways leading to high yielding heterocyclic synthesis. Two of the most common are: Fischer-indole1, 8 synthesis and a Hantzsch synthesis to obtain the pyridines. Fisher-indole synthesis (Scheme 1) has been the most important method for the preparation of substituted indoles. It involves the formation of an imine 1.3 from a hydrazine 1.1 and a ketone 1.2. This will then tautomerise to give a enamine 1.4 that will subsequently undergo a [3,3] Cope rearrangement and form a di-imine 1.5, that will then aromatise. The aromatised amine 1.6 will undergo further intramolecular cyclisation to give the indoline 1.7 which will also aromatise to give the second ring system of the indole 1.8.4, 7 Scheme 1: Fischer-indole synthesis of indoles The Hantzsch1, 8 synthesis (Scheme 2), is a three component reaction, which firstly involves an aldol condensation of a diketone 2.1 with acetone 2.2. This is then followed by a conjugate addition of another equivalent of a diketone 2.1 to give a tetraketone 2.4. By adding ammonia it will lead to the formation of an imine and enamine component 2.5, which will subsequently react with sodium nitrate and acetic acid to aromatise to give pyridine 2.6.9 Scheme 2: Hantzsch synthesis of pyridines These two synthetical techniques have been greatly utilised however they have their downsides; which range from the need for high temperatures, large amounts of stoichiometric reagents, as well as the poor accessibility of the starting materials. This has therefore driven research for the discovery of new methodologies for an efficient route for the synthesis of heterocycles and their derivatives. A wide range of new heterocyclic synthetic routes using metal cross coupling reactions have arisen in particular utilising palladium as catalyst10, examples which are considered in the section below. 2.1. Synthesis of indole heterocycles using catalysis A palladium catalysed Fisher indole synthesis has been discovered by Wagaw et. al.. It involves the cross coupling of an aryl bromide and a hydrazone. This palladium catalysed reaction has proven to be very versatile in respect to the functionality of both the reagents used. The addition of the p-toluenesulfonic acid monohydrate hydrolyses imine 3.3 therefore liberating the hydrazine which will subsequently react with a ketone to give a hydrazone. This will then undergo standard Fischer-indole process to produce 3.4 (Scheme 3).11 Scheme 3: Palladium catalysed Fischer-indole synthesis 2.1.1. Palladium catalysed reactions Palladium catalysed reactions have been regularly used in both academic and industrial synthetic chemistry laboratories as an important method for the formation of carbon-carbon and carbon-heteroatom bonds. These have been heavily applied in the synthesis of pharmaceutically and biologically important molecules.1, 12 Many palladium catalysed reactions go through a similar catalytic cycle. The catalytic species can be formed in situ by using a palladium source such as Pd(PPh3)2Cl2 or Pd(OAc)2 with the addition of an appropriate ligand. By choosing the correct ligand this can improve two steps in the catalytic cycle; oxidative addition and reductive elimination.13 A common feature of these catalytic process (Scheme 4) is the formation of aryl/alkyl Pd(II) intermediates which will then be functionalised to form C-C or C-Heteroatom bonds that are cleaved off from the metal centre.14 Most of the Pd catalysed reactions undergo the same basic catalytic cycle involving; oxidative addition, transmetallation and reductive elimination. Scheme 4: Palladium catalytic cycle 2.1.2. Palladium catalysed cross coupling reactions Below in Table 1 are described some of the most common palladium catalysed reactions.15-18 Table 1: Palladium catalysed reactions Name of Reaction Suzuki Stille Negishi Hiyama Sonogashira Heck Buckwald-Hartwig Catalyst Pd(0) Pd(0) Pd(0) Pd(0) Pd(0), Cu(I) Pd(0) Pd(0) Base Yes No No Yes Yes Yes Yes Reagent 1 Reagent 2 R= EWG (eg. NO2, CN, COOR) Product 3. Recent examples of heterocyclic synthesis There are various recent examples of interesting heterocycles synthesis. Large amounts of research covering aspects of C-H activation, atom economy improvements and efficiency with the use of different solvents has been carried out to improve the conditions of the synthesis. An interesting class of heterocyclic moiety is pyrimidines due to their desirable biological activity. Over recent years the pyrimidine system (Figure 4) has been shown to be an important pharmacophore.19 Figure 4: Pyrimidine moiety Pyrimidines are very prevalent in nature; they are the precursors for the nucleoside bases of both DNA and RNA (Figure 3) and are also found in many more natural products such as vitamins and antibiotics. Examples, of this class of heterocycles, are shown below in Figure 5.19 Figure 5: Natural products containing pyrimidine moiety As a result of this long-lasting interest in the pyrimidine moiety as well as in its derivatives in the use as potential drug targets, the synthesis of this heterocyclic ring has been expansively researched.15 Good yielding strategies have been developed primarily on the basis of nitrogen-carbon-nitrogen condensation reactions. An example of this is the Pinner addition (Scheme 5) of guanidines 5.2 and amidine salts to 1,3-diketones 5.1 or their derivatives.20 Scheme 5: Pinner addition for the synthesis of pyrimidines 3.1. Synthesis of ÃŽ ²-Enaminones: an entry into pyrimidines Gayon et. al.21 have demonstrated highly stereoselective synthesis of ÃŽ ²-enaminones via based catalysed rearrangement of propargylic hydroxylamines. ÃŽ ²-Enaminones are versatile compounds that have been used for their pharmacological activity, as building blocks for natural product synthesis and heterocyclic synthesis. The initial discovery showed that propargylic hydroxylamine 6.1 underwent rearrangement to give the Cbz-protected enaminone 6.2 as a single (Z) diastereomer (Scheme 6) which could then be used for the synthesis of heterocyclic compounds such as pyrimidines. Scheme 6: Base catalysed rearrangement reaction to afford ÃŽ ²-enaminones The reaction mechanism (Scheme 7) starts from the deprotonated aminol 7.2 that is easily formed; this is due to the association of the hydroxyl anions present in solution with the propargylic hydroxylamine 7.1. With the deprotonation takes place at the propargylic position an imine 7.3 is formed this is also because of the elimination of hydroxyl anions which are triggered by the deprotonation itself. Hydroxyl anions add to the imine which will eventually for the allenol 7.4. This can then undergo keto-enol tautomerisation to produce the deprotonated enaminone 7.5. The last step involves proton exchange between another molecule of propargylic hydroxylamine 7.1 and the anionic deprotonated enaminone 7.5 to give the product and another molecule of aminol 7.6. Scheme 7: Mechanism for rearrangement These enaminones proved to be an interesting building block for the synthesis of heterocyclic compounds such as pyrimidines. The presence of a nucleophilic nitrogen atom, a double bond and an electrophilic carbonyl provided an different cyclocondensation process to simple Pinner addition on the basis of the addition of an electrophile/nucleophile partner; such as a carboxamide. Scheme 8: Propargylic hydroxylamine to pyrimidines The presence of the nitrogen atom on the enaminone 6.2 is advantageous for an alternative synthetic route for the synthesis of functionalised pyrimidines (Scheme 8) from readily commercially available and inexpensive carboxamides that can give easier access to pyrimidines. 3.2. Synthesis of Pyrazine Heterocycles and their Derivatives Pyridazines have been considered one of the ‘most drugable’ heteroaromatic rings for medicinal purposes.22 Its analogues have proved to be good starting points for developing drugs for various molecular targets and have demonstrated biological activity in many key areas such as obesity, neurodegenerative diseases, inflammatory pain and many more.22 Abed et al. have recently elaborated a synthesis of novel fused pyridazines by carrying out a diaza-Wittig reaction on 1,3-diketones (Scheme 9).20 Scheme 9: Synthesis of pyrazine heterocycles The work was divided in two parts; the first was the development of a convenient strategy to obtain versatile pyridazines containing an ester group at position 6 as a point of divergence. The latter steps involved the synthesis of pyridazines 9.4 with a ketone group at position 6. Towards this aim, different methods of cyclization techniques were applied which led to the formation of previously not known biheterocyclic compounds. This novel methodology provided an attractive synthesis for fused pyridazines derivatives (9.5, 9.6, 9.7, 9.8).20 The synthesis of functionalised pyridazines 10.4 (Scheme 10) proceeded via a diaza-Wittig reaction (10.3 to 10.4, step b.) affording a convenient and safer method for the synthesis of nitrogen heterocycles. Scheme 10: Synthesis of pyridazines 3.3. Direct imine acylation for heterocyclic synthesis Much attention has been focussed on the synthesis of diverse heterocyclic structure to advance the discovery of novel lead compounds for pharmaceutical discovery. A particularly useful approach is the formation of N-acyliminium ions from the acylation of imines with acid halides and anhydrides. This is a well-known reaction but very little work has previously been carried out to show the full potential of these ring closure reactions.23 Unsworth et. al. has provided a neat ring closing reaction (Scheme 11) by using propylphosphonic acid anhydride 11.3 (T3P) and NEt(iPr)2 for the coupling of aliphatic acids 11.2 (containing oxygen, nitrogen and sulphur nucleophiles) to imines 11.1. This will generate N-acyliminium ions 11.4 that can easily be trapped intramolecularly by the nucleophilic substituents that are present on the aliphatic acid fragment to form 11.5. Scheme 11: Ring closing reaction for heterocyclic synthesis This methodology has been used by Unsworth for the synthesis of the natural product evodiamine (Figure 6).24 Figure 6: Synthesis of evodiamine 4. Domino reactions A process that involves two or more bond-forming transformations that can take place under the same reaction conditions without additional reagents and/or catalysts, are considered to be domino/tandem reaction.25 In the past decades, synthesis of heterocyclic compounds through new domino reactions has attracted many researches and is still an expanding area.26 The idea of building simple and complex heterocycles starting from very easy and reasonable building blocks using a ‘single pot’ reaction with consecutive transformation taking place, is an attractive tool for synthetic chemists, especially if the synthesis can be used to create multiple stereogenic centres.26, 27 This ‘one pot’ strategy has many advantages; reduction of solvent, waste production, reaction time and atom economy28, all of which are important for developing a more sustainable chemistry. One single reaction can potentially convert an inexpensive material to a highly complex, biologically active heterocyclic molecule.26, 29 For many years the research groups of Valotti and Arcadi have focussed their interests in developing a new synthetic route for the construction of nitrogen-containing heterocycles starting from alkyne derivatives.30 They have focused most of their attention on the synthesis of nitrogen containing heterocycles by the condensation of ketoalkynes with ammonia.30 Examples of these are shown below in Scheme 12 and show the 5-exo-dig cyclisation reactions of 4-pentynones 12.1 to synthesise polysubstituted and joined pyrrole derivatives 12.2, Ketoalkyne moiety 12.5 in an aromatic framework would allow a 6-endo-dig cyclisation of 5-acetyl-4-alkynylthiazoles 12.6 and 2-acyl-3-alkynylindoles 12.7 to pyrido[3,4-c]thiazole and pyrido[3,4-b]indoles 12.8.31, 32 Scheme 12: Synthesis of pyrrole, pyridine and indole nitrogen containing heterocycles Another example of a tandem reaction for heterocyclic synthesis is the intermolecular 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition of nitrones for the formation of cyclic isooxazolidines ( Scheme 13). For example an interesting method has been developed for the generation of the cyclic isooxazolidines frameworks by using cheap and accessible starting material, such as Amaryllicaceae alkaloids, through a 1,2-prototropic shift of oximes. Scheme 13: Tandem reaction for cyclic isooxazolidines Wildman observed that the reaction of 6-hydroxybuphandidrine with hydroxylamine produced a cycloadduct; the reaction occurs by the formation of an intermediate oxime that then undergoes a subsequent 1,2-prototropic shift to give the nitrile oxide that then undergoes an intramolecular [1,3]-dipolar cycloaddition reaction. 5. Indoles In both nature and drug discovery, a common nitrogen containing heterocycle is indole and its derivatives. These naturally occurring molecules are present in a range of compounds (Figure 7) such as amino acids (tryptophan) and hormones (melatonin) and many others.33 Figure 7: Naturally occurring indoles As indoles are structural components of a large number of biologically active natural compounds, their synthesis and functionalization has been heavily researched, and is a crucial step in the preparation of many pharmaceutical compounds.33 Below, in Figure 8, are a couple of examples of indole containing pharmaceuticals and their applications; Sumatripan used for the treatment of migraine and Arbidol as an antiviral drug.34 Figure 8: Indole containing pharmaceutical compounds Another potential application for indoles is the possible use of indole derived nitrones as spin traps which can be employed as free radical probes for the identification of radicals in chemical and biological systems.35, 36 The pyrroline based 5,5-dimethyl-pyrroline N-oxide (DMPO) followed by the 5-carbamoyl-5-methyl-l-pyrroline N-oxide (AMPO) have often been used as nitrene spin traps in the past years (Figure 9).37 The use of spin trapping has gained attention in the recent years and it is currently being used in the investigation of reactive intermediates in the areas of fuel cell research, nanotechnology, catalysis, environmental remediation and photodynamic therapy using electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR).38 Figure 9: DMPO and AMPO spin traps The main disadvantages with many spin trap nitrones, for example DMPO, is the formation of secondary EPR signals; caused by the formation of other radical species caused by the instability by hydrolysis, decomposition and various other side reactions.37 Also, the slow reactivity of the superoxide radical anion to the nitrones and the short half-life of the spin adducts together, with slow rate of passive diffusion through the cell membran decreases their application in the human body as O2. – probes, unless further modifications can be carried out.38 Variants of the DMPO that contain indole moieties are 1,1,3-trimethyl-1H-isoindole-N-oxide (TMINO) and 1,1-dimethyl-3-(trifluoromethyl)-1H-isoindole-N-oxide(3-TF-TMINO) (Figure 10) which offer more stability to the oxygen radical adduct.37 Figure 10: Novel spin trap nitrones 6. Isoindolinone and Isoindoline Novel structures related to indoles such as isoindoline and isoindolinone compounds (Figure 11) are still relatively unexplored and have only begun to be explored over the past few years. Figure 11: Isoindoline and Isoindolinone Both of these structures have attracted a large amount of attention as pharmacophores due to their potential physiological and chemotherapeutic activity. These bicyclic models moieties have found a large importance as intermediates in the synthesis of various dugs and natural products.39 The more stable isoindolinones in particular demonstrate fascinting biological properties40, 41 as part of biologically active natural products such as magallanesine as well as drug candidates such as pagoclone shown in Figure 12.42 Figure 12: Isoindolinones as drug candidates The biological activity of isoindolinones has been utilised for the preparation of drugs for treatments in a wide range of diseases (Figure 13) such as: diabetes treatment, anti-inflammatory, anti-hypertensive, antipsychotic agents, for the modulation of dopamine D receptor, inhibitors of amyloid protein aggregation for the treatment of Alzheimer, selective antagonist of Essential Thromobocythemia (ET) diseases related to the heart and the lungs, melanocortin subtype-4-receptor in the targeting of weight disorder and sexual dysfunction43 and as antileukemic agents.42, 44-46 Figure 13: Isoindolines as drug candidates There have been several methods employed traditionally for the synthesis of these compounds based on use of a wide range of transformation, such as Diels-Alder, Grignard reagents, reductions, Wittig reactions and photochemical reactions. An example of one of them follows in Scheme 14. Scheme 14: One pot synthesis of isoindolinones The traditional routes are usually complex and have proved to be very unsatisfactory due to the low yields and the expensive starting material.39 Most approaches do not provide a large compatibility with many functional groups and suffer from a lack of generality.38, 42 New approaches have arisen in the past decades involving palladium chemistry and lithiation procedure for the synthesis of substituted isoindolinones that have proved to be easier to handle. An example of this is shown below (Scheme 15).47 Scheme 15: Lithiation and substitution

Summer Solstice

Summer Solstice Actually the Summer Solstice story of he famous Nick Joaquin and the Movie Tatarin was great. Great in the sense that it shows the true meaning of the story that men should sometimes be equal to women and women can also dominate men in all criteria of living. The following are some events that are not in the story itself and were added in the movie: ? The scene that Amada is dancing the ritual in the forest. ? All the sexy or bed scenes that are added for the spice of the movie to give some interest for some men ? The rituals they do in the Balete tree that there some kind of vegetables that symbolizes something ? Michaela and Maggie are not originally in the story and also the scene where Maggie is dancing with Guido and seducing him by letting him touch her breast. ? The flashback scene were Don Paeng is watching the Pareade of St John and Tatarin when he was young ? The scene at the Church were they have a listened the mass ? The women of Tatarin dancing with the men of St. John in the forest and I the part the sex scene of Guido and Donya Lupe ? When Donya Lupe put oil in his body and imagining that he is with someone ? The scene were Don Paeng invited Guido while dancing to have some drink There are nothing that has been removed them only added but there are some changes of setting Example are: ? the place they held the ritual it is said in the book that it is a chapel while in the movie it is in the forest ? originally in the story that Donya Lupe has three boys but in the movie she has two boys only ? he characteristic of Amada was change in the story she is fat but she was presented in the movie by Rica Peralejo who is a sexy woman ? I think one is the place were Do Paeng was beaten by the women of Tatarin In the Story some characters or things that symbolize something the following are some: ? The Age of Byron it symbolizes Guido as a conventional man ? The Age of Victoria which symbolizes Paeng as a traditional man ? The moon which means the domi nance of women The Crocodile it symbolizes the women of Tatarin being strong and wild ? Men kissing the feet of the women means that men adore the women and respect for them ? The sun in symbolizes the men ? Tatarin ritual symbolizes that women can also dominate men sometimes it shows supremacy with women ? St John symbolizes men in the sense that there is somekind of empower ment of men over women ? The saying pagpantay ng araw at buwan mean that it being showed that during these times men can be equal with women

Victorian Literature Essay Topics Ideas

Victorian Literature Essay Topics Ideas So How About Victorian Literature Essay Topics? Differences A considerable difference in literature for the 2 eras exists owing to a difference in living conditions. Any sort of literary analysis, for example, poetry analysis essay, should interest the logic with no emotions. The contemporary literature can offer several intriguing answers to that question. One of the absolute most important things that you'll need to see about Victorian literature is the simple fact it brings together a really good blend of internationally acceptable language expertise in an effort to appreciate the humble beginnings from which we currently have the popular English language. Victorian Literature Essay Topics - Is it a Scam? So remember to get a great look initially before selecting your dissertation title. In each part of writing, your ideas have to be understandable. As soon as you've chosen your topic, attempt to produce your title catchy and relevan t. Besides consistency, an expert website has to be aesthetically appealing and also functional. For many students, it's very complicated to begin the paper and it's, in fact, the toughest part. Now you know how to structure a research proposal, it's time to commence the job. Of all Of the sorts of article, composing a speedy composition might seem to be the easiest. Therefore, it's very important for every single student to receive abilities to compose English term papers. You've done much in your life that universities want to hear around. Students lead busy lives and frequently forget about a coming deadline. By writing essays, they will have to read closely and get beyond the surface of the text. Therefore, many students and employees decide to obtain low-cost essay rather than writing it themselves. What Needs to be Done About Victorian Literature Essay Topics Before It's Too Late Several quotations and citations are utilized within the body as a way to provide a better impression on the subject that you have selected. You will have the ability to control the purchase process from that point. A serious and expert site that delivers study materials will be designed dependent on elegance. Use textual proof to support your examples. The Importance of Victorian Literature Essay Topics The Victorian period has renowned poets like Rossetti and Tennyson in addition to famous novelists like George Elliot and Dickens. Discuss the way the important reception of a specific author has changed over time. It is quite different from modern poetry, which makes it a good add-on to any literature unit. The poetry of this period was an immediate reflection of the well-known attitudes of the moment. Thus English literature essay gets easy once you use these service providers and you may also realize the greatest scores due to this professional English literature essay. Shock Literature isn't really Literature in the genuine sense and ought not to be given serious consideration for a genre. Charles Dickens provides an excellent example. The Basics of Victorian Literature Essay Topics In some specific instances, particularly once you need writing assistance on a quick notice, there might not be sufficient time to go through portfolios of individual businesses and writers. You can have a look at the quality of literature examples for sat essay to observe the sort of expert services we're speaking about. Strong clients' support and high-level writers offer service that may help reach complex targets, and do it as quickly as possible. If you're going to want some custom writing help online on the topic of definition essay writing, you're welcome to go to our custom writing site . Another topic an individual can concentrate on is class distinctions. You should have your reasons, and our primary concern is that you find yourself getting a great grade. Generally, it's tough to pinpoint the specific start of an important literary movement. Explain the main problem you wish to explore and tell why it's vital. It is an impossible task to create a top-notch argumentative essay if one is not able to analyze information. When searching for American literature essay topics, it is crucial to remember that the originality and caliber of your paper will be contingent on the topic chosen. You are not going to find it difficult to pick a topic for British literature term paper. While writing your definition essay, you've got several choices to select from. Despite the fact that you pay for homework, we provide those options at no cost. It's always simpler to choose one in case you have a list of proposal topics to browse. There are several topics to select from that it's tricky to understand where to commence.

Personality Components and Assessments - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 4 Words: 1311 Downloads: 6 Date added: 2017/09/18 Category Analytics Essay Type Analytical essay Tags: Personality Essay Did you like this example? COMPONENTS AND ASPECTS OF OUR PERSONALITY The Three  Components  of Personality Sigmund Freud is known for his study on the three basic  components  that greatly affect our personality. He created the three levels of awareness that are congruent to the three different parts of the mind: conscious mind, preconscious mind, and subconscious mind. According to him, our conscious mind includes our current or present mental processes contributing a major part in our current awareness. The next level of mental awareness is our preconscious mind which, according to Freud, comprises those that we are aware of, but we do not really give focus or pay attention. We can either decide to take notice of these things and purposefully let our conscious mind be aware of them. The third part of the human mind is the subconscious where some of our thoughts surpass the conscious level. From these levels of awareness by Freud, he then developed the three  components  of our personal ity: the id, ego, and super ego. These are the  results  of our thinking, feeling, and behaviors. The id functions primarily based on pleasure principle wherein our mind seeks to achieve pleasure and avoid any form of pain. Freud mentioned that the id consists of two major instincts and these are eros and thanatos. The former is otherwise known as the life instinct that urges us to seek for pleasurable activities while the latter is our death instinct that stimulates us to cause to destroy. The ego is the next component of our personality which is the heart of our consciousness. It is characterized by either of the dominant functions which are introversion or extraversion along with the other functions. It is based on the reality principle which  states that  our mind acknowledges what is real and currently existing. It also understands that there are corresponding consequences to our behaviors. The super ego is the last component of our personality in which our values and morals are contained. Our super ego can also offset or compensate the id. The Big Five Factors Our various personality traits are generally categorized into what is referred to as the Big Five Factors: extraversion, agreeableness, conscientiousness, neuroticism, and openness to experience. Extraversion pertains to being outgoing, sociable, full of energy, enthusiasm, and action-oriented. Introversion, on the other hand, refers to lack of liveliness and energy. Agreeableness manifests our differences in terms of cooperation and social harmony. Agreeable people like getting along with each other well while disagreeable individuals are more concerned with self-interest and personal well-being. Conscientiousness focuses on how we manage and control our impulses and desires. Conscientious people are intelligent, organized, and persistent. Neuroticism is evident in individuals who are emotionally reactive and may have gone through or are going through a particular strong negati ve feeling. Openness to experience is a trait that characterizes people who are creative, imaginative, curious, and intellectuals. COMPONENTS OF PERSONALITY ACCDG TO SIGMUND FREUD Three components of personality Clinical psychologist Don Bannister has described Freuds position on the human personality as being: basically a battlefield. He is a dark-cellar in which a well-bred spinster lady (the superego) and a sex-crazed monkey (the id) are forever engaged in mortal combat, the struggle being refereed by a rather nervous bank clerk (the ego). Thus an individual’s feelings, thoughts, and behaviors are the result of the interaction of the id, the superego, and the ego. This creates conflict, which creates anxiety, which leads to Defense Mechanisms. Id The Id contains our primitive drives and operates largely according to the pleasure principle, whereby its two main goals are the seeking of pleasure and the avoidance of pain. It has no real perception of reality and seek s to satisfy its needs through what Freud called the primary processes that dominate the existence of infants, including hunger and self-protection. The energy for the Ids actions come from libido, which is the energy storehouse. The id has 2 major instincts: Eros: the life instinct that motivates people to focus on pleasure-seeking tendencies (e. . , sexual urges). Thanatos: the death instinct that motivates people to use aggressive urges to destroy. Ego Unlike the Id, the Ego is aware of reality and hence operates via the reality principle, whereby it recognizes what is real and understands that behaviors have consequences. This includes the effects of social rules that are necessary in order to live and socialize with other people. It uses secondary processes (perception, recognition, judgment and memory) that are developed during childhood. The dilemma of the Ego is that it has to somehow balance the demands of the Id and Super ego with the constraints of reality. The Ego con trols higher mental processes such as reasoning and problem-solving, which it uses to solve the Id-Super ego dilemma, creatively finding ways to safely satisfy the Ids basic urges within the constraints of the Super ego. Super ego The Super ego contains our values and social morals, which often come from the rules of right and wrong that we learned in childhood from our parents (this is Freud, remember) and are contained in the conscience. The Super ego has a model of an ego ideal and which it uses as a prototype against which to compare the ego (and towards which it encourages the ego to move). The Super ego is a counterbalance to the Id, and seeks to inhibit the Ids pleasure-seeking demands, particularly those for sex and aggression. ASSESSMENT/MEASUREMENT OF PERSONALITY Personality Assessments are Mainstream Personality assessments have been used by individuals and psychologists for years to help them understand how a person is likely to act, or react, and how that person can more effectively interact with others. The use of personality assessments in the workplace is on the rise. 1 Organizations’ use of personality assessments has increased from 34 percent in 2005 to 65 percent in 2006. These assessments can provide HR professionals with insight into an employee’s professional self. Based on our research, the most commonly used personality assessments (not in order of utilization) are: †¢ Myers-Briggs Type Indicator (MBTI) is based on Carl Jung’s typology of the functions of the human psyche. †¢ Insights Discovery System is a model based on the personality profiling work of Jung. Profiles XT Assessment is billed as a â€Å"total person assessment. † This assessment measures behavioral traits, occupational interests and thinking styles. †¢ The Hogan Personality Inventory (HPI) measures normal personality, predicts employee performance. It was developed specifically for the business community. †¢ The DiSC Assessment explores four domains: dominance, influence, steadiness and conscientiousness. †¢ 16PF (Pearson Assessments) have been commonly used for a variety of applications, including support for vocational guidance, hiring and promotion recommendations. The Birkman Method focuses on five domains: productive and stress behaviors, underlying needs, motivations and organizational orientation. Personality assessments are generally used to understand the connection between people’s personalities) and their performance. While personality assessments are intended to measure personality traits, personal styles and behavioral inclinations, not work performance, these assessments can be used to explore how a person may perform in the workplace in certain situations. The Birkman’s Five Perspectives Productive Behavior—an individual’s effective behavioral style of dealing with relationships and tasks †¢ Stress Behaviors—an individual’s inef fective style of dealing with relationships or tasks †¢ Underlying Needs—an individual’s expectations of how relationships and social situations should be governed in the context of the relationship or situation †¢ Motivations—an individual’s expressed preferences †¢ Organizational Orientation—a perspective in which an individual views problems and creates solutions relating to organizational goals. Despite best practices emerging in the use of personality assessments in the workplace, Birkman’s survey indicates that no standard assessment or manner of use has been established. Depending on which assessment is used, the most common functional applications of these assessments are: †¢ Team Building †¢ Career Guidance †¢ Conflict Resolution †¢ Executive Coaching †¢ Succession Planning †¢ Employee Retention †¢ Hiring and Selection †¢ Leadership Development †¢ Organizational Alignmen t †¢ Competency Development Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Personality: Components and Assessments" essay for you Create order

Swot Analysis of Indian Economy - 762 Words

SWOT Analysis of various sectors of Indian Economy. The India economy, which is the 9th largest in the world in terms of nominal GDP, can be broadly classified into three sectors: 1) Primary Sector or Agriculture Sector, which contributes about 15% to the GDP and employs around 57% of the total workforce. 2) Secondary Sector or Industry sector, which contributes about 28% to the DP and employs around 14% of the workforce. 3) Tertiary Sector or Service Sector, which contributes the maximum of 57% to the GDP and employs around 29% of the workforce. SWOT analysis of Agriculture Sector: Strengths : - * The favourable Climate and terrain of the Indian sub-continent makes it suitable for producing a variety of crops. *†¦show more content†¦Threats:- * More and more of the agricultural land is being taken up to meet with the demands of the housing and industrial sector, thereby reducing land under cultivation. * With the increase in the purchasing power of the Indians, the packaged food industry is gaining importance in the Indian market, especially in the cities and among the youth. * Some of the government policies like MGNREGA, is diverting the farm labour to other employment avenues, which could affect the agriculture adversely as it depends heavily on manual labour. * Stiff competition from the international markets, if India opens up the trade barriers in the agriculture sector. SWOT analysis of Industrial Sector: Strengths:- * With over half a billion population in the age group of 25-60 years, the industrial sector enjoys a competitive labour market. * Availability of natural resources, skilled and cheap manpower, liberal national policies provide the environment for industries to thrive. Weaknesses:- * Due to India being a democratic country and a mixed economy, the industry has to adhere too many of the protectionist policies of the government, which affects the industry adversely. * The complex labour laws and other political barriers, prevents the industries to work at the best of their efficiency, thus effecting productivity. Opportunities:- * With the rise in the incomes of the Indians, especially the Indian middleShow MoreRelatedTerm Paper649 Words   |  3 Pages | |Post Recession Recovery: Indian Context|-----do------- | |5 | |ITC e-chaupal: Strategic Advantage of |-----do------- | | | |CSR | | |7 | |Foreign Investment in Indian economy - |-----do------- | | | Read MorePresenters Notes For Slide 42052 Words   |  9 Pagesrebalancing is leading this time to entire countries coming close to collapse. Ie the PIIGS (Portugal, Ireland, Italy, Greece, Spain) *The Chinese are unable to grapple with the new challenges that come with becoming the world’s second largest economy and key driver of demand. India must use the opportunity provided by China’s and the World’s economic problems to get its own growth engines revving. It must do five things: 1. 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Site Layout Planning Ealing W5 5rf Free Essays

string(40) " to use the Regulations in our project\." Real Site Layout Map Site Layout Briefing It is important to maintain a high standard of duty, facility, resource management, in accordance to the Health and Safety CDM Regulations, in order to convey a better atmosphere for all members of staff and workers. The following will analyse all aspects of our Construction Management Project Plans, to ensure how we will create a satisfying duty of care to all members of the construction team working for the UWL Student Accommodation Project 2012/2013. Site Location University Of West London, Park Road Via St Marys Road, Ealing, W5 5RF. We will write a custom essay sample on Site Layout Planning Ealing W5 5rf or any similar topic only for you Order Now The new building will be constructed on an unused field area, and car park, belonging to the university. The construction site is bounded by protected trees, at the south side of the building, parallel to a public building (YMCA), and the boundary on the west and north side of the building, which leads to the main and side road. The projected building will be built within the white box on the Real Site Layout diagram, and Blue of the Map Site Layout diagram. Site Setup and Logistics In order to meet the CDM and Health and Safety obligations, it will be necessary to afford a fully functional and compliant temporary site accommodation arrangement as part of the site setup. Prior to commencement on site, the site setup will include perimeter site hoarding equipped with appropriate safety and way-finding signage, lighting installations, and set of gates for vehicle entrance. The perimeter safety segregation system (I. e. Heras Fencing) is to be erected and equipped with appropriate safety and way-finding signage. Clearly defined access routes will be defined both within the site and the surrounding roads and sites in accordance to the management plans and with particular attention to the segregation of pedestrians, plant and vehicle. The delivery, storage and distribution of materials will form part of this plan. Site Accommodation Welfare Facilities After having judged the situation at the site, with the documents of the feasibility report, there isn’t sufficient space to have (as promised), an accommodations site on the premises of the project. The temporary site accommodation will be located in the student car park of the University. The site accommodation will include suitable and sufficient sanitary conveniences. Supply of Water will be available through the water pumps of UWL into the rooms, toilets, sinks†¦ The room will be kept clean and tidy by the occupiers, and will be checked by a warden, so this rule isn’t breached, and is kept in an orderly condition. Adequate supply of drinking water will be put in few places as part of welfare facilities through drinking water fountains, and kitchen facilities. For Health and Safety reasons, water fountains and supply of drinking water will be marked with an appropriate signage, and sufficient number of cups will be provided. Washing Facilities will include: * A supply of clean hot and cold, or warm, water (which shall be running water so far as is reasonably practicable); * Suitable means of cleaning, such as soap, shampoo, and; * Suitable means of drying: towels, hand dryers, blow dryers. Washing Rooms will be ventilated, and given required lighting. They also will have to be kept cleaned and maintained. In order to minimise costs in welfare facilities, instead of having separate washing facilities for men and women, the multiple bathrooms will be individually shared, with an internal lock to prevent others coming in. This is more efficient as the number of males will dominate those of females. The accommodation will acquire changing rooms lockers and sufficient spacing in these facilities, especially when the workers have to wear special clothing for his/her work and duty. Work may be on-going during rain; hence, facilities for drying areas for clothes, and seating will be set up in the accommodation. Lockers will also be provided near the changing areas in order to keep work uniform, clothes that haven’t been torn during the work and personal belongings safe. Damages to these will be at the occupier’s liability, not the site officer/warden/security/manager. Rooms and Resting areas will be prepared to be satisfying to all users. The rooms will be a hostel style living accommodation for all males, and separate ndividual rooms for females. Within 4 cabins as posted on the site layout, hostel dorm for males will consist of 14 beds, 7 in each cabin, and on cabin with 5 small rooms for ladies. Premises for accommodation will be handed to those living most further away, and to those who operate and work on a 24 hour shift. Others will have to live at their own homes, and travel to the site, or find accommodation in hotels nearby, with the assis t of the construction team. Traffic Control Staff will control traffic into and out of site No Temporary light signals will be used, as it will delay public traffic times, won’t be efficiently used, and will cost more money to hire. Vehicle Movement into and out of site will occur around the Pink outline. Trucks and heavy machinery have been seen going into this outline and moving out safely and securely. Parking on Park road will be stopped until Kerrison Road, to ease movement of heavy machinery into site through Park Road, and make sure that cars do not get effected by any flying debris, which could lead into court appearances. Health and Safety Report The construction industry has the highest rate of accidents in the workforce. The diagram on the left proves data collected in 2008, which shows the multiple numbers of fatalities in the construction sector in comparison to other Work Sectors. In the production of the UWL Student Accommodation St Mary’s Road Ealing, our aim is to reduce accidents and fatalities as much as possible. Accidents are naturally occurring and unpredictable but controllable. This Health and Safety report will analyse the CDM Regulations 2007, and will in-corporate on how efficiently to use the Regulations in our project. You read "Site Layout Planning Ealing W5 5rf" in category "Essay examples" This Health and Safety Report is a part of Risk analysis, hence following according to the HS structure will reduce the for-see-able risks. Safe places of work Access movement in and out of the construction site must be safe and practical. Walking distances must be short at all working times to cut down non-productive times amongst each of the workers on the field. The rea marked in yellow is the region where staff and workers will be making most movement. During the construction periods, it is important to keep the walking distances at a minimum, not only to cut down on non-productive time, but it will reduce damages to humans by falls, trips, falling and fallen debris. As the construction process is underway, the space will become more confined and little, due to the presence of the new building, hence, it is important to take vital care when crossing the site in such a tight area, to be further aware of accidents and to respect the Health and Safety Regulations. The area does consist of enough working space for all members of the team to work in a safe manner. Good Order and Site Security Every part of the construction must be kept in good order in the means of tidiness and cleanliness. The construction site will consist of a perimeter identified by suitable signs and be so arranged that its extent is readily identifiable, and be fenced off. See also fencing in the Site Layout Report for more information about fencing around the perimeter of the site. Sharp materials, such as projected nails, must be placed in good storage areas to reduce piercing people. Other construction projects, according to the CDM Regulations, do not allow timber with projected nails on site due to the Hazard danger of such equipments, therefore our alternative advice is to keep sharp objects, and all other materials that is a potential risk if not taken care of, to be stored appropriately, and used when needed. Site Security areas have been denoted on the Site Layout Plans. These sites will operate on a 24h basis. Construction materials and recourses are a high value for money, and hence, vandalism in construction is high at a time of economical downturn. Therefore, guards will be on patrol for 24 hour on the two areas located on the Site Plan. The site security will have to control the site premises, take care of all the site equipments, watch out for theft, and vandalism on non-operational times. During Operation periods, security will have to take control of vehicle movements in and out of the building, help with vehicles turning around, and check all the staff and worker’s badges before being let onto the site. Security check and report accidents and fatalities in the Risk Assessment and Health and Safety documents. Stability of Structure It is important to make sure that any part of the structure that may become un-stable with different load bearings or high wind loads, become notified to all members of the team on site, who may be affected if un-cautioned. Foundations, buttress, and temporary supports, such as scaffolding, must be designed used, to make sure they can adapt to the calculated load bearings and impact loads, so the building can remain stable, and none of the supports fail to collapse the building or the supports itself fall from a high distance. The load bearings, wind loads, impact loads, and snow loads have been calculated by the civil engineers, will provide exact figures, as to which the contractors will abide to, and design the supports in the safest manner. Excavation During the Excavation process, it is vital that nothing collapses into the region of excavation. There must be sufficient spacing between people, pile foundations and plants on the site. Neighbouring roof-tops must be checked to make sure that during the excavation process, nothing falls from these buildings into the excavation which may cause potential hazards for this stage of construction. The most potential building that may cause an issue for such reasons is the YMCA building next to the site, and its roof top must be verified. Excavation process must be inspected at the start of the shift, followed by regular interval checking, and finally at the end of the shift. Any material trapped in the excavation will cause a high health and safety issue for the employees, and also will affect the stability of the building a few years from completion. Reports of Inspection Dates when the QS and the Health and Safety Assessor will come and inspect the work have been noted on the Microsoft Project Scheduling, underneath the notes column. The QS will assess the progress of the work and supply information to the clients to supply the company with the income. Therefore in the inspection of the QS, if the project is working under the deadline, the income and profit will be below that of the project plan. The Inspection Report will be mentioned to the person in charge of the operations of the factors that needs to be amended to satisfy that report before further work can be carried out in a safe manner. Energy Distribution Installations Energy will come from the UWL campus Ealing. If more is required, then an electricity generator will be brought onto the site (shown on the left). The generator will need to be checked and revised before usage for safety requirements. Electric cables will run safely on the site, away from danger of being but off by plants, or by congestion. Gas will be distributed to Welfasre facilities from UWL. The student Car park has been cut off from Student and UWL staff, so that they are not at risk from un-known un-told danger, which the staff of the construction unit would be aware of whilst using the facilities. How to cite Site Layout Planning Ealing W5 5rf, Essay examples

Implementation of Predictive Control Strategy

Question: Discuss about the Implementation of Predictive Control Strategy. Answer: Introduction At present, most of the business organizations are dealing with lots of data. In this context, the traditional database systems are not enough. Information systems are the most viable solution for handling the huge amount of complex data through the computer system. Actually the information system is a software program that helps to managing the operations of the organizations in customized way. The report is prepared for a company to critically discuss the application of IS/IT strategy in the organization and how it helps the organization to gain competitive advantage over the other companies in the current market. It is a difficult for the organization to choose an appropriate IT/IS strategy to align the goals of the business with the strategy. The organization need to follow some internal and external factors for the success of the organization and maintain a sustainable growth for the organization. They also need to develop a unique strategy to distinguish themselves from its competitors in order to stay ahead in the market place. Successful example of using IT/IS strategy for gaining competitive advantage The successful example for the successful implementation of IT/IS strategy in the current business process is Amazon. The company have aligned its business goals with its IS/IT strategy and thus gained a competitive advantage over other companies. Amazon started its business as a online book retailer in the year 1995 (Newcombe et al. 2015). The company received a huge response within a month selling books over 40 different countries and continued to grow its business throughout the world. The main person behind the success of Amazon was Jeff Bezos (CEO) of Amazon and he was responsible to operate with different companies. The company believed that innovation is the key to success and started implementing innovative ideas in their business to gain competitive advantage over its competitors like eBay (Peters et al. 2014). The company introduced new innovative services like Amazon locker, some new apps like Amazon flow, etc. Amazon success factor can be divided into seven components and they are as follows: Management Innovation Customer Service Execution Diversification Management- The aligning of business IT with the current business strategy helps the organization to get a better market position and it involves building business related activities that are important for the business. The employees or the IT professional are sent to different seminars and business events for gathering knowledge and the new recruitment is done on the basis of educational background and skill for the junior level IS/IT position (Rothaermel 2015). Furthermore training programs are arranged for the old employees working in the organization to improve their skills and learn about the new technology used in the business. Innovation- Amazon stands to be the most innovative company it is the innovator of the Amazon kindle app using which the user can access eBooks and read it from different geographical location. Amazon also introduce Amazon Prime service for faster delivery of products and use of drone for delivery falls under the innovation strategy of Amazon (Newcombe et al. 2015). Customer Service- Amazon have a satisfactory customer service for its customer and uses different medium to reach the customer. The customer can launch a complaint regarding the product and amazon reach the customer doorstep to solve the problem and thus it build a good relationship between the company and the customer. Execution- The working of Amazon is unique from the other online shopping websites. It has merged with different small retailers to sell a variety of products at a minimal price. Diversification- Amazon diversified its business from an online book retailer to selling electronic and house hold goods (Rothaermel 2015). The increase in the demand of the products and their satisfactory service to the customer have lead amazon grow its business throughout the world. Success factor for the companys success The success factor that lead Amazon to grow its business and take the lead position in the market is due to the hard working and management of its employees and business. The strategies are developed analyzing the current market scenario and they are aligned with the current needs of the customer. The main factor for the success of Amazon is the prediction power about the future scope in the market and aligning the information system with its business (Newcombe et al. 2015). The result of a good prediction is an increase in organizational power. Taking of decision in a centralized manner is also an important factor for the company because it involves all the higher level manager and a better decision can be taken with the involvement of all the stakeholders. If there is a change made in the strategy, procedure and organizational rules there is a need to change the software of the information system (refer to Figure 1). There is an interdependency acting on the information system and the organizational goals, here technology plays an important role in the alignment of the IS with the business approach. There is an interdependency on the kind of IS framework used for the assistance for achieving the goals (Pearlson et al., 2016). Figure 1: Change in strategy (Source: Ward and Peppard 2016) With the introduction of the information system the different marketing strategies are lined with the information system. The information system planning must be monitored to change it according to the change that may arise due to modification of strategy or change in the requirement of the organization. Unsuccessful example of using IT/IS strategy for gaining competitive advantage The unsuccessful example that implemented IS/IT strategy for gaining competitive advantage is Compaq. The company have the IS/IT strategy but not timely and it became too late for the company to recover its business process. The management of the information system is a difficult task in IS/IT management. There are many research conducted on the problem of alignment of the IS/IT strategy in the current business process of an organization (Dykman, Davis and Lamb 2013). There are three steps that can be taken as a manager for IS alignment to reach the organizational goals like improving the strategy for the implementation of the information system, integration of technology with the information system and support for the commercial vision in strategic information system initiative. Compaq failed in their business due to lack of planning and missing of the timeline when the IS/IT would be applied for the growth of the organization (Peppard, Galliers and Thorogood 2014). The company could not align the IS/IT with their business and the wrong decision taken by the executives of the company lead to a failure. The company merged with IBM and HP to produce low end systems and later on HP acquired Compaq and it was discontinued (Dykman, Davis and Lamb 2013). It face lots of struggle with its major competitor Dell it merged with different companies to grow its business but the lack of communication and RD investment also lead the company to fail in its business. Lessons learned from unsuccessful implementation The answer varies depending on the circumstances. The technological decision is derived by the strategic planning, choosing a new technology for the benefit of the organization without having a clear idea about the technology have no utilization for the organization. Huge investment is required for the implementation of new technology and if the technology is not understood by the user then the company might face a loss (Peppard, Galliers and Thorogood 2014). Thus in order to implement a new technology for the organization the organizational goals and the current position of the organization must be understood. This helps in pursuing a suitable action required for the implementation of the new technology (Dykman, Davis and Lamb 2013). Every organization, regardless what type or size, should have a strategic plan in place. The direction for making strategic decision and allocation of the resources to continue the directed strategy is defines under the strategic planning of the organiz ation (Rothaermel 2015). The main purpose of making a strategic planning for the organization is to outline the priorities of the organizational needs that would help the organization to reach its goal. It also allows the organization to collaboratively align with the organizational goals in a significant way to make a strategic idea about the organization, about the organizational goals and the change of the organization according to time (te Brmmelstroet 2013). An effective strategic planning process results in a sustainable, integrated and flexible strategic vision framework for the years ahead. The contenders should also be analyzed and focus on the upgradation capability of the organization by keeping a niche on the market. The company should also have a focus on leverage of local assets in the current market segments where the global contenders face difficulty to reach (Rothaermel 2015). The focus of the company should be on the expanding into the market related with the current business of the organiz ation. Suggestion for internal and external factors influencing success and failure of the organization There are many ways which can help the organization to successfully implement IS/IT strategy in their current business process and take it to the leading position in the market (Frahm 2016). The organization must adopt the strategy at the beginning and this helps the organization to dodge the rivalries. The company must focus on the local market and link the value chain to enter the global market scenario. The organization planning to implement IS /IT strategy should follow the following recommendation: Adoption of the technology at the early stage would help the company to gain first move advantage (Mitchell 2013). The first mover gain the advantage of offering the new technology and service to its customer and thus creating an impression on the mind of the customer. Application of information technology for gaining competitive advantage and build a customer focused business using the information technology. The business can be re-engineered to according to the current needs of the market to improve the cost, service, speed and quality (Peppard, Galliers and Thorogood 2014). Cross functional system can also be applied like ERP, SCM and CRM for making fundamental change in the business process or fixing poor design. Building an eco-system model coupled with independent network of supplier, partner, distributer and alliances (Bamberger, Biron and Meshoulam 2014). The organization should build a good business model with the stakeholders to gain competitive advantage. Implementation of the value chain in the business would help the business organization to overview the activity of the organization as a chain of process which adds value to the product and service to the customer (Rothaermel 2015). The value chain also helps the organization to find the value of the business towards its customer. Sustainability of the gained competitive advantage In order to remain in the leading market position the gain competitive advantage over the other companies in the market an organization need to constantly evolve and implement innovative strategies in their current business process (Andreev, Voronkov and Shafigullin 2013). Adapted to overwhelming situations in secured markets, the organization face more competitors than it is expected by the organization. The competitors can compete with the low cost products with same quality, innovative strategy to attract more number of customer, unique products, effective brands that have more brand value and loyalty of the customer. Regularly, the very survival of nearby organizations in developing markets is in question (Andrews et al. 2012). To maintain a long term sustainability the assets of the organization should be aligned with the characteristics of the industry. The development of the business should be done sustainable to remain in a leading position for a long term. Sustainable develo pment can be categorized into different fields like social sustainability, ecological sustainability or economic sustainability. (Grant 2016). The movement of the business should be done after analyzing the sustainability of the step taken by the organization. The business should have a corporate social responsibility that helps the organization to efficiently manage its resources and build a relation with the society and thus gaining better position in the market. The shortcomings of the rivals must be analyzed and it should be made strong in the organization to compete with the rivalries in the market. The using of organizational standards like ISO 9000 standards would also help the organization to maintain standards of the products manufactured or the service provided by the organization (Harvey and Kitson 2015). The use of ecofriendly systems and low power devices can also be helpful for a sustainable growth of the organization. The business organization must be eco efficient which includes the delivery of the products with good quality and competitively priced that supports the needs of the customer but have less impact on the environment. The sustainable development of the products also includes manufacturing of the products with minimum wastage of the raw material. With the reduction of the wastage of the raw material the organization is profited and the efficiency of the system increases (Chang 2016). Different business sectors have sta rted implementing sustainable development for their business. Thus sustainability of a business to remain in the leading position can be achieved with the sustainable development of the organization. The sustainable business practice should be applied in the business management and the organizational should be able to go beyond the traditional system (Ward and Peppard 2016). The organization should adopt new technology and innovation for aligning their business with the recent market trend and gain competitive advantage. Conclusion It can be concluded that the implementation of the IS/IT strategy in the business process of an organization can help the business to gain competitive advantage over other companies. The implementation of the IS/IT strategy should be done by the organization after a detailed analysis of the current business process of the organization and the needs for the organization to implement the strategy. There company faces different challenges regarding the management of the current resources of the organization and aligning the IS/IT strategies with the goals of the organization. References Andreev, V.A., Voronkov, A.A. and Shafigullin, L.N., 2013, March. Implementation of predictive control strategy for maintenance of fiber optic communication lines. InOptical Technologies for Telecommunications 2012(pp. 87870F-87870F). International Society for Optics and Photonics. Andrews, R., Boyne, G.A., Law, J. and Walker, R.M., 2012.Strategic management and public service performance. Palgrave Macmillan. Bamberger, P.A., Biron, M. and Meshoulam, I., 2014.Human resource strategy: Formulation, implementation, and impact. Routledge. Dykman, C.A., Davis, C.K. and Lamb, A.J., 2013. A Case of Mergers: The HP Experience.Journal of the International Academy for Case Studies,19(1), p.29. Frahm, J., 2016. Effective strategy for lean implementation under a culturally diversified environment case: Danish subsidiary in Indonesia.The TQM Journal,28(3), pp.377-389. Gollenia, L.A., 2016.Business Transformation Management Methodology. Routledge. Grant, R.M., 2016.Contemporary strategy analysis: Text and cases edition. John Wiley Sons. Harvey, G. and Kitson, A., 2015. Translating evidence into healthcare policy and practice: Single versus multi-faceted implementation strategiesis there a simple answer to a complex question?.Int J Health Policy Manag,4(3), pp.123-126. Hefner, J.L., Hilligoss, B., Knupp, A., Bournique, J., Sullivan, J., Adkins, E. and Moffatt-Bruce, S.D., 2016. Cultural Transformation After Implementation of Crew Resource Management Is It Really Possible?.American Journal of Medical Quality, p.1062860616655424. Keyes, J., 2016.Implementing the IT balanced scorecard: Aligning IT with corporate strategy. CRC Press. Mitchell, A.J., 2013. Screening for cancer-related distress: when is implementation successful and when is it unsuccessful?.Acta Oncologica,52(2), pp.216-224. Newcombe, C., Rath, T., Zhang, F., Munteanu, B., Brooker, M. and Deardeuff, M., 2015. How Amazon web services uses formal methods.Communications of the ACM,58(4), pp.66-73. Payne, A. and Frow, P., 2016. Strategy and implementation.The Marketing Book, p.439. Peppard, J., Galliers, R.D. and Thorogood, A., 2014. Information systems strategy as practice: Micro strategy and strategizing for IS.J. Strategic Inf. Sys.,23(1), pp.1-10. Rothaermel, F.T., 2015.Strategic management. McGraw-Hill. te Brmmelstroet, M., 2013. Performance of planning support systems: what is it, and how do we report on it?.Computers, Environment and Urban Systems,41, pp.299-308. Verloo, M., 2016. Mainstreaming gender equality in Europe. A critical frame analysis approach.? ? ?,117(117), pp.11-34. Ward, J. and Peppard, J., 2016.The Strategic Management of Information Systems: Building a Digital Strategy. John Wiley Sons.